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- Tags: Charles Messier, DEEP SKY OBJECTS, Galaxies, Nebulae, Star Clusters, ගැඹුරු ආකාශ වස්තු
DEEP SKY OBJECTS – ගැඹුරු ආකාශ වස්තු
සඳ එළියෙන් ආලෝකමත් නොවූ පැහැදිලි අහසක් ඇති රාත්රියක අහස දෙස බැලුවහොත් තරු පිරි රෑ අහස කෙතරම් චමත්කාරජනක දැයි ඔබට වැටහී යනු ඇත. රාත්රි අහසේ නිරීක්ෂණය කළ හැකි දෑ බොහෝ ය. තාරකා, ග්රහලෝක, චන්ද්රයා, වල්ගාතරු, උල්කාපාත, උල්කාපාත වර්ෂා, තරු රටා, තරු පොකුරු, නිහාරිකා, මන්දාකිණි හා කෘත්රිම චන්ද්රිකා ඒ අතර වේ. මේවා අතරින් පියවි ඇසට යන්තමින් පෙනෙන, අහස ඉතාමත් පැහැදිලි දිනෙක පමණක් හොඳින් නිරික්ෂණය කළ හැකි වස්තූන් (උදා: Andromeda Galaxy, Pleiades, Orion Nebulae) හෝ පියවි ඇසට කිසිසේත් ම නොපෙනෙන, දුරදක්නයක් හෝ දුරේක්ෂයක් ආධාරයෙන් පමණක් නිරීක්ෂණය කළ හැකි වස්තූන් (උදා: Eagle Nebulae, Bode’s Galaxy) “ගැඹුරු ආකාශ වස්තු (Deep Sky Objects)” ලෙස අපි සාමාන්යයෙන් හඳුන්වමු.
ගැඹුරු ආකාශ වස්තු යන්නෙහි සැබෑ නිර්වචනය “තනි තාරකාවක් හෝ සෞරග්රහ මණ්ඩලයට අයත් නොවන ආකාශ වස්තූන්” යන්නයි. (එනම් සූර්යයා, තාරකා, චන්ද්රයා, ග්රහලෝක, උපග්රහයන්, වල්ගාතරු, ග්රාහක, උල්කාපාත ආදිය හැර අනෙක් ආකාශ වස්තු)
රාත්රි අහස පුරා නිරීක්ෂණය කළ හැකි ගැඹුරු ආකාශ වස්තු ප්රධාන කොටස් කිහිපයකට බෙදිය හැක.
1. තරු පොකුරු (Star Clusters)
● විවෘත තරු පොකුරු (Open Clusters)


● ගෝලීය තරු පොකුරු (Globular Clusters)

2. නිහාරිකා (Nebulae)
● දීප්ත නිහාරිකා (Bright Nebulae)
– විමෝචක නිහාරිකා (Emission Nebulae)


– පරාවර්තක නිහාරිකා (Reflection Nebulae)

● අඳුරු නිහාරිකා (Dark Nebulae)


● ග්රහ නිහාරිකා (Planetary Nebulae)


3. මන්දාකිණි (Galaxies)
● සර්පිලාකාර මන්දාකිණි (Spiral Galaxies)


● ඉලිප්සාකාර මන්දාකිණි (Elliptical Galaxies)

● අක්රමවත් හැඩැති මන්දාකිණි (Irregular Galaxies)

4. සුපර්නෝවා අවශේෂ (Supernova Remnants)

මෙසියර් නාමකරණය (Messier Catalogue)
දුරේක්ෂය නිපදවීමත් සමඟ පියවි ඇසට යාන්තමින් පෙනෙන වස්තූන් වඩාත් හොඳින් නිරීක්ෂණය කිරීමටත් පියවි ඇසට කිසිසේත් ම නොපෙනෙන වස්තූන් නිරීක්ෂණය කිරීමටත් අවකාශ සැලසුණි. ඒ සමඟ ම ගැඹුරු ආකාශ වස්තු නාමකරණ ද (Deep Sky Catalogs) බිහිවිණි. මෙම නාමකරණ අතරින් පැරණි නමුත් සරල සහ වඩා සාර්ථක ලැයිස්තුවක් ලෙස 1774දී චාර්ල්ස් මෙසියර් විසින් ඉදිරිපත් කරන ලද ගැඹුරු ආකාශ වස්තු 103කින් යුත් “මෙසියර් නාමකරණය (Messier Catalogue)” හැඳින්විය හැක. මෙම නාමාවලියේ වස්තූන් නම් කර ඇත්තේ ඉංග්රීසි හෝඩියේ M අකුර සමඟ අංකයක් යෙදීමෙනි. අද වන විට මෙම නාමකරණයට ඇතුලත් කර ඇති නව ගැඹුරු ආකාශ වස්තු ද සමඟ මෙය ගැඹුරු ආකාශ වස්තු 110කින් යුත් නාමකරණයක් බවට පත් ව ඇත.

උදා:
- M31 – Andromeda Galaxy
- M42 – Orion Nebulae
- M45 – Pleiades
නව සාමාන්ය නාමකරණය (New General Catalogue)
“නව සාමාන්ය නාමකරණය (New General Catalogue)” යනු ජෝන් ඩ්රේයර් විසින් 1888දී ඉදිරිපත් කරන ලද ගැඹුරු ආකාශ වස්තු 7840කින් යුත් නාමකරණයකි. මෙම නාමාවලියේ වස්තූන් නම් කර ඇත්තේ ඉංග්රීසි හෝඩියේ NGC අකුරු සමඟ අංකයක් යෙදීමෙනි.
- NGC224 – Andromeda Galaxy
- NGC1432 – Pleiades
- NGC1976 – Orion Nebulae
Index Catalogue
“Index Catalogue (IC)” යනු ජෝන් ඩ්රේයර් විසින් ම නව සාමාන්ය නාමකරණයට තවත් ගැඹුරු ආකාශ වස්තු 5386ක් අලුතින් ඇතුලත් කර සාදන ලද නාමකරණයකි.
M අංකය | NGC අංකය | සාමාන්ය නම | වර්ගය | පසුබිම් තාරකා රාශිය |
---|---|---|---|---|
M1 | NGC 1952 | Crab Nebulae | Supernova Remnant | Taurus |
M6 | NGC 6405 | Butterfly Cluster | Open Cluster | Scorpius |
M7 | NGC 6475 | Ptolemy’s Cluster | Open Cluster | Scorpius |
M8 | NGC 6530 | Lagoon Nebulae | Emission Nebulae | Sagittarius |
M11 | NGC 6705 | Wild Duck Cluster | Open Cluster | Scutum |
M13 | NGC 6205 | Hercules Cluster | Globular Cluster | Hercules |
M16 | NGC 6611 | Eagle Nebulae | Emission Nebulae | Serpens |
M17 | NGC 6618 | Omega/Swan/Horseshoe/Checkmark Nebula | Emission Nebulae | Sagittarius |
M20 | NGC 6514 | Trifid Nebulae | Emission nebula | Sagittarius |
M27 | NGC 6853 | Dumbell Nebulae | Planetary Nebulae | Vulpecula |
M31 | NGC 224 | Andromeda Galaxy | Spiral Galaxy | Andromeda |
M33 | NGC 598 | Triangulum Galaxy | Spiral Galaxy | Triangulum |
M42 | NGC 1976 | Orion Nebulae | Emission Nebulae | Orion |
M43 | NGC 1982 | De Marian’s Nebulae | Emission Nebulae | Orion |
M44 | NGC 2632 | Beehive Cluster | Open Cluster | Cancer |
M45 | No NGC number | Pleiades | Open Cluster | Taurus |
M51 | NGC 5194 | Whirlpool Galaxy | Spiral Galaxy | Canes Venatici |
M57 | NGC 6720 | Ring Nebulae | Planetary Nebula | Lyra |
M63 | NGC 5055 | Sunflower Galaxy | Spiral Galaxy | Canes Venatici |
M64 | NGC 4826 | Black Eye/Evil Eye Galaxy | Spiral Galaxy | Coma Berenices |
M65 | NGC 3623 | Leo’s Triplet | Spiral Galaxy | Leo |
M66 | NGC 3627 | Leo’s Triplet | Spiral Galaxy | Leo |
M76 | NGC 650 /NGC 651 | Cork/Little Dumbell Nebulae | Planetary Nebulae | Perseus |
M81 | NGC 3031 | Bode’s Galaxy | Spiral Galaxy | Ursa Major |
M82 | NGC 3034 | Cigar Galaxy | Spiral Galaxy | Ursa Major |
M83 | NGC 5236 | Southern Pinwheel Galaxy | Spiral Galaxy | Hydra |
M87 | NGC 4486 | Virgo A Galaxy | Elliptical Galaxy | Virgo |
M97 | NGC 3587 | Owl Nebulae | Planetary Nebulae | Ursa Major |
M101 | NGC 5457 | Pinwheel Galaxy | Spiral Galaxy | Ursa Major |
M102 | NGC 5866 | Spindle Galaxy | S0 Galaxy | Draco |
M104 | NGC 4594 | Sombrero Galaxy | Spiral Galaxy | Virgo |
ගැඹුරු ආකාශ වස්තු කිහිපයක් හා ඒවායේ M, NGC අංක
ගැඹුරු ආකාශ වස්තු නිරීක්ෂණය ඉතා සුන්දර අත්දැකීමක් වුවත් එය එතරම් පහසුවෙන් සිදු කළ හැක්කක් නොවේ. ඒ සඳහා හොඳ පුහුණුවක් මෙන් ම හොඳ ඉවසීමක් ද තිබිය යුතු ය. ගැඹුරු ආකාශ වස්තු නිරීක්ෂණයට සඳ නැති අඳුරු අහසක් තිබීමත් වායුගෝලීය දූෂණයෙන් ද ආලෝක දූෂණයෙන් ද තොර අඳුරු පරිසරයක් තිබීමත් ඉතා වැදගත් වේ. එසේ නොවූවහොත් ඔබේ නිරීක්ෂණ සාර්ථක නොවනු ඇත.
~අයේෂා වික්රමසිංහ
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